· 7 min read
As the world accelerates toward decarbonization in response to the climate crisis, a critical question emerges: who bears the cost of this transformation? From coal miners in South Africa to auto workers in the U.S. Midwest, entire communities face upheaval as industries shrink, shift, or disappear. Amid this uncertainty, the concept of a Just Transition has gained traction—an approach that insists environmental progress must not come at the expense of social equity.
Rooted in labour and environmental justice movements, the idea of a Just Transition is simple yet profound: climate action should uplift, not marginalize. It demands that policies to address climate change also protect workers, ensure fair access to new opportunities, and repair historical injustices. Ultimately, it’s not just about lowering emissions; it’s about lifting people—ensuring that the path to a greener planet is also a road to justice.
What is a Just Transition?
The term Just Transition was born out of labour struggles in the late 20th century, coined by trade unions fighting to protect workers in heavily polluting industries like coal and steel. These movements recognized a hard truth: environmental regulations, while essential, could threaten jobs and livelihoods if implemented without social safeguards. They argued that workers who contributed to the economy for decades should not be discarded in the name of progress.
As labour leader Tony Mazzocchi once put it, “There is a Superfund for dirt. There ought to be one for workers.” His words captured the essence of the Just Transition vision: that the costs of environmental clean-up and decarbonization should not fall on those least responsible for the damage.
Since then, the concept has expanded into a broader vision of climate justice. Today, a Just Transition speaks not only to workers, but to whole communities disproportionately affected by environmental degradation and economic inequality. It calls for equitable access to green jobs, inclusive decision-making, investment in public services, and support for Indigenous, racialized, and marginalized groups. Institutions like the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the UNFCCC have adopted the concept, signalling its growing relevance in climate diplomacy and national policy frameworks.
In short, a Just Transition is a blueprint for change that recognizes there can be no climate justice without social justice.
Why a Just Transition matters now
The global shift toward a low-carbon economy is no longer a distant goal—it’s underway. Countries are phasing out coal, scaling up renewables, and reimagining transportation and industry. But without deliberate planning, this transformation risks deepening existing inequalities. The same communities that have been historically exploited—be it for their labor, land, or resources—now stand to bear the heaviest burdens of the green transition.
Fossil fuel-dependent regions face job losses, shrinking tax bases, and social dislocation. In many parts of the Global South, energy transitions can exacerbate energy poverty or spark land conflicts. Even in wealthy nations, the shift can hit hardest in working-class and rural areas, where opportunities to retrain or relocate are limited.
Case snapshot: South Africa’s coal heartland
Take South Africa, where coal provides over 70% of electricity and supports thousands of workers in Mpumalanga province. The government’s Just Energy Transition Investment Plan (JET-IP), backed by international partners, aims to phase out coal while investing in renewables, retraining workers, and revitalizing coal towns. It’s an ambitious effort—but success hinges on community participation and ensuring that benefits reach those most at risk.
This is why a Just Transition matters now: not simply to manage economic fallout, but to reshape the energy transition as a vehicle for equity, resilience, and repair.
Principles of a Just Transition
While the idea of a Just Transition has grown in popularity, its strength lies in the principles that guide it. These principles, developed through decades of grassroots activism, union organizing, and climate advocacy, are not just policy preferences—they are ethical imperatives.
1. Participation and social dialogue
A Just Transition requires that affected communities—especially workers, Indigenous peoples, and historically marginalized groups—have a seat at the table. Decisions about climate policy must be made with people, not for them.
2. Equity and inclusion
Justice means recognizing that people are impacted differently. Gender, race, class, and geography all shape vulnerability. A fair transition must address these disparities and avoid a one-size-fits-all approach.
3. Decent work and reskilling
Transitioning to a green economy must come with commitments to create good jobs—not just green ones. That means fair wages, labor protections, and accessible pathways to retraining and upskilling.
4. Investment in communities
Transition is more than job swaps—it’s about economic diversification, infrastructure, education, and public health. Investments must target communities that risk being left behind, turning regions of extraction into hubs of opportunity.
These principles aren’t optional. They form the bedrock of a transformation that is not only environmentally sustainable, but socially just.
Just Transition: Principles vs. challenges
Despite its appeal, the idea of a Just Transition is not without tension. At times, it risks becoming a buzzword—evoked in policy documents but stripped of substance or accountability.
|
Principle |
Challenge / Critique |
|---|---|
|
1. Participation and social dialogue |
Tokenism or exclusion in decision-making processes; lack of representation in governance. |
|
2. Equity and inclusion |
One-size-fits-all policies ignore local or systemic inequalities (e.g., race, gender, class). |
|
3. Decent work and reskilling |
Job creation may be precarious, underpaid, or inaccessible to displaced workers. |
|
4. Community investment |
Funding gaps, poor coordination, or short-term project focus undermine long-term transformation. |
|
5. Democratic ownership (optional to include) |
Corporate capture of the green economy; profit motives override justice-centered goals. |
|
6. Intergenerational justice |
Youth perspectives often marginalized in policy; long-term planning sacrificed for short-term gains. |
From vision to action: Policy in practice
A Just Transition is only meaningful if it's implemented through real policies that prioritize justice, not just efficiency. Around the world, a growing number of governments and alliances are attempting to turn principle into practice.
Germany’s coal commission
In 2019, Germany convened a multi-stakeholder Coal Commission made up of unions, industry leaders, environmental groups, and local officials to chart a roadmap for exiting coal by 2038. The result was a national consensus that included a €40 billion package for affected regions—covering job creation, retraining, and infrastructure investment. While not perfect, it exemplifies how dialogue and compensation can guide structural change.
Colombia’s peace and land transitions
In Colombia, climate and justice are interwoven with post-conflict reconstruction. Programs such as Territorially Focused Development Plans (PDETs) aim to support communities—often rural and Indigenous—by integrating reforestation, sustainable agriculture, and land rights into peacebuilding efforts. This demonstrates how Just Transition frameworks can adapt to local contexts and intersect with other justice movements.
The US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA)
In 2022, the U.S. passed the Inflation Reduction Act, which includes provisions for clean energy development, domestic manufacturing, and environmental justice. The law allocates billions for communities historically overburdened by pollution and economic neglect, with commitments to hire locally and promote union labor. However, critics warn that corporate beneficiaries still wield outsized power—proof that even progressive policy requires constant scrutiny.
International partnerships: South Africa’s JET-IP
As noted earlier, South Africa's Just Energy Transition Investment Plan (JET-IP) is a flagship effort. Backed by $8.5 billion in finance from countries like the UK, Germany, and the U.S., the plan supports coal plant closures alongside investments in renewables and skills development. It’s being watched closely as a test case for how climate finance can serve justice and not just emissions targets.
These examples show that while Just Transition is gaining traction, success hinges on local leadership, inclusive planning, and a commitment to long-term change—not just short-term emissions goals.
Conclusion: Justice as climate infrastructure
As climate action accelerates, so too must our commitment to fairness. A Just Transition is not a side project or a luxury—it is the moral and political infrastructure that must accompany any serious effort to decarbonize. It asks us not just how fast we transition, but how fairly.
Whether it’s a coal worker in Mpumalanga, a fisherfolk community in the Philippines, or a youth activist in Glasgow, the voices most affected by change must be at the center of decision-making. If done right, the green transition won’t just reduce emissions—it will redistribute power, dignity, and opportunity.
In a time of global transformation, justice is not an afterthought. It is the foundation of a future worth building.
This article is also published on Sustainability Magazine. illuminem Voices is a democratic space presenting the thoughts and opinions of leading Sustainability & Energy writers, their opinions do not necessarily represent those of illuminem.
