· 5 min read
The heartbeat of African cultures echoes through the leaves and branches of its forests and the currents of its ocean.
Introduction
Africa's forests stand as living testaments to the continent's diverse cultural heritage. They are some of the natural wonders of the world.
These ecosystems shape the social, economic, and spiritual lives of millions. The African understanding of the forest cannot be separated from the African cosmological view of reality. Life is seen as one integrated bond and interrelated web. From the towering trees of the Congo Basin to the unique argan trees of Morocco, forests serve as more than just resources; they are symbols of identity, community, and continuity. In traditional times, African people lived and dwelled in the midst of the forest. The forest like mother earth was seen as a source of life. While it is true that you can speak of an African worldview for most African cultures have a lot in common, it is also true that they have some peculiarities. The beliefs about trees and forests in Africa are subject to variations.
Integral roles in traditions
Palm wine and cola nuts are important symbolic foods throughout humid West Africa. In Nigeria, for example, palm wine is of paramount importance at most social functions (Okafor 1979). It is used in pouring libations, offering prayers, and heralding events. Cola nuts are regarded as important symbols of welcome and hospitality. For Muslims of the region, cola nuts are sacred: something given them by the prophet. They are a symbol of friendship and feature in all festive occasions. Federal Department of Forestry, Nigeria 1987) Among the Igbo of Southern Nigeria, all discussions, prayers, and ceremonies begin with the breaking of cola nuts. Without cola, these occasions are not regarded as serious (Okigbo 1980). The seeds of Pentaclethra macrophylla are another example of symbolically important forest foods. In southwestern Nigeria, they feature in child-naming and girl’s initiation ceremonies (heralding maturity). Bread fruit (Treculia africana) is served at women’s burial ceremonies. It is also served during a festival staged to indicate a girl’s impending departure to her husband’s home (Okafor 1979).
Forests also provide the raw materials for many of the objects that are used in traditional ceremoniesMusical Instruments: Many instruments, like tam-tams and rattles, are crafted from forest materials, reflecting the cultural significance of these resources.. Most musical instruments are made from forest products. For example, the Oubi in Côte d’Ivoire use Cordia platythyrsa for making tam-tams. The Boualé also from Côte d’Ivoire make a musical slide/rattle with the fruit of Oncoba spinosaand Glyphaea brevis and the seed of Entada pursaetha (Téhé 1980). Similarly, the seed shells of Chrysophyllum albidum and Mammeaafricana are worn by dancers as rattles and the wooden strips ofRicinodendron heudelottii are used to make xylophones in Igboland, Nigeria (Okigbo 1980). Among the Mende and Dan (Côte d’Ivoire), masks play an important role in rituals and ceremonies; they often represent the spirits of the forests and ancestors (who reside in forests) and thus express and evoke cultural links to the past (Jedrej 1986). In Gabon, Perrois (1971) notes that wood sculptures and ceremonial objects serve as vehicles of communication with ancestors; the wood is used for different artifacts and is chosen according to the purposes and symbolic values of specific tree species.
Ceremonial clothing and costumes are also often made from specific forest products. Among the Ashante in Ghana, traditional cloth is still important at festive and ceremonial occasions. For example, the bark and stem of Lannea kerstingii are used for dyeing the funeral cloth kuntunkun. The bark of Bridelia ferruginea is used for dyeing Adinkra cloth, important at other ceremonial occasions (Annan 1980). Gara cloth is a traditionally valued indigo cloth. The indigo dye of Gara is derived from the leaves of the woody climber Lonchocarpuscyanescens
African beliefs and perceptions about the forests no matter how you understand it, helped in ecological preservation and inhibited climate change either consciously or unconsciously. Trees and forests were left uncultivated and allowed to flourish thereby preserving the lungs of life that provided oxygen and that absorbed carbon dioxide from the environment.
This also affects the African understanding of the forests and trees. The forests are a communal heritage. It is held in trust by the community under the direction of the town elders and chiefs for the wellbeing of the entire community. There are no personal or private forests in traditional Africa. You cannot own the forests. Not even the community owns the forests. This being the case you are not at liberty to do what you desire with the forests. There were customary laws in the forms of taboos that governed the human relationship with the forests. There were totemic and sacred trees in the forest that were not to be touched or felled. In most places in traditional Africa, it was prohibited to cut down young and infantile plants and trees.
Preservation of cultural heritage
• Cultural identity: As forests face threats from climate change and overexploitation, their role in maintaining cultural identity becomes increasingly crucial.
• Changing values: Shifts in cultural values impact how communities interact with forests, necessitating a deeper understanding of these changes.
Threats to African forests
Environmental challenges
• Deforestation: Over-exploitation and land conversion threaten the survival of many forest ecosystems.
• Climate change: Altered weather patterns and rising temperatures jeopardise the health of forest ecosystems.
Cultural Implications of Forest Loss
• Erosion of cultural practices: The decline of forests can lead to a loss of traditional practices and cultural knowledge.
• Need for sustainable practices: Promoting sustainable forest management is essential to preserve both ecological and cultural values.
Conclusion
African forests are invaluable cultural symbols that encapsulate the histories and identities of diverse communities. As these forests face unprecedented threats, recognising their cultural significance is vital for their preservation. Efforts to sustain these ecosystems must integrate cultural values, ensuring that future generations can continue to draw upon the rich heritage that Africa's forests provide.
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